Day 1 | - Theoretical introduction (Structure of matter, structure of the atom, periodic table of elements, atomic number, mass number. Natural materials, engineering materials. Basic groups of engineering materials: metals and their alloys, engineering ceramics, plastics, engineering composites - similarities and differences). Seven characteristics of metals. Pure metals vs. metal alloys. Ferrous metal alloys: steels, cast steel, cast iron. Non-ferrous metal alloys: Al alloys, Cu alloys, others.
- Structure and properties. Interactions between atoms, primary bonds, secondary bonds, crystallographic lattices, carbon "chains", amorphous structure. Crystallographic lattices: A1, A2 and A3 - their influence on properties. Allotropic forms of chemical elements and their influence on properties, occurrence of isotopes of a given element.
- Mechanical and technological properties of engineering materials:
- Static tests: static tensile test (Hoock's law, proportionality limit, elastic limit, yield point or conventional yield point, tensile strength limit, tensile stress, elongation, narrowing). Hardness measurements (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers), microhardness measurements.
- Dynamic tests: dynamic hardness measurement, impact strength. Influence of chemical composition (amount of carbon), temperature, processing state, chemical composition on the temperature of transition to the brittle state. Influence of temperature (ambient, lowered, increased on the properties of metal alloys and on their technological properties).
- Fatigue tests - Purpose. Unlimited fatigue strength. Selection and classification of materials according to groups of engineering materials. Use of material characteristic cards.
- Metals and their alloys. Pure metals vs. alloys. Production of alloys, alloying elements, smelting (metallurgy). What is steel? Methods of obtaining (melting steel), alloying and secondary refining, methods of casting it (COS - continuous casting of steel, casting from above, siphon casting - from below). Attempts to repair liquation in ingots - hot plastic working, degree of processing and its effect on the homogeneity of the structure and thus on the homogeneity of properties or on the possibility of using further technological processes, including heat treatment. The effect of the number of phases in the alloy on strength properties or corrosion resistance. The most general division of alloys into alloys hardened by strengthening (cold plastic working), alloys hardened by heat treatment or casting alloys. Eutectics - how to use it?
- Plastic processing of metals and alloys. Mechanisms of plastic deformation, crystallographic structure defects and their influence on strength properties (strengthening of metals and their alloys). Cold plastic working, degree of deformation and inter-operational (recrystallizing) annealing - revival of plastic properties.
- The influence of carbon on the properties of steel (low-, medium- and high-carbon steels). Division of steels according to their properties and purpose. Non-alloy and alloy structural steels, non-alloy and alloy tool steels, steels with special properties: corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, creep-resistant, valve, resistance, with special magnetic properties, for work at low temperatures, Hadfield steels, Maraging steels. How the amount of carbon in steel affects its properties: hardness, workability, susceptibility to plastic forming, weldability.
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Day 2 | - Al and its alloys. Classification, properties and application of Al and its alloys, Pure Al - physical, chemical, mechanical properties, the amount of the element in the earth's crust and its availability, method of extraction and obtaining, application of Al (conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance). Al alloys, classification, marking. What amounts of alloying elements determine alloys for: cold plastic working, precipitation hardening (heat treatment), casting alloys? Structures of Al alloys after casting and the need for plastic processing. Defects of the crystallographic structure and their effect on strength and utility properties (hardness, drawability, abrasion resistance, yield strength, tensile strength limit). The effect of deformation degree in cold plastic processing on the strengthening of Al and its alloys, the need to use interoperational (recrystallizing) annealing - cold rolling of aluminum foil.
- Cu and its alloys. Classification, properties and applications of Cu and its alloys. Physical, chemical and mechanical properties, the amount of the element in the earth's crust and its availability, the method of extraction and obtaining, the use of Cu (conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance). Classification of Cu alloys. What amounts of alloying elements determine alloys for: cold plastic working, precipitation hardening (heat treatment), casting alloys?
- Corrosion, basics. Electrochemical series of elements (reminder). Why do some metals corrode and others do not? Chemical or electrochemical corrosion. The influence of the number of phases inside the alloy on corrosion resistance. Classification of corrosion phenomena, corrosion mechanisms, types of corrosive environments, types of corrosion damage (uniform corrosion and its rate, pitting, selective, stress, fatigue, selective, intercrystalline. Corrosion prevention: anodic, cathodic, inhibitor, sacrificial, surface layers (nitriding), coatings (paint, enamel, rubber, plastic). Corrosion tests.
- Thermal application of metallic or ceramic surface layers protecting against corrosion, tribological wear or thermal fatigue
- Dip coating – galvanizing, tin plating, aluminizing
- Metalizing – chroming (plasma or acetylene-oxygen torch)
- PVD processes – Physical Vapour Deposition
- CVD processes – Chemical Vapour Deposition
- Decorative coatings
- Ceramic engineering materials. Sintered materials and powder metallurgy, sintered PMHSS high-speed steels, materials used for multi-edge cutting inserts (carbide steels, cemented carbides, cermets, engineering tool ceramics (white, grey, black), superhard cutting materials (CBN cubic boron nitride, polycrystalline synthetic diamond PKD). Hybrid rolling bearings, fully ceramic rolling bearings – properties, environment and temperatures in which they can operate.
- Engineering polymers. General division and classification, properties, internal structure, material data sheets. What is polystyrene? What is it used for? How to obtain or shape it? Methods of processing thermoplastic polymers or their connection / repair.
- Engineering composites. Type/size of reinforcement. Types of reinforcing fibers (boron, glass, carbon, aramid = Kevlar). Fiber mats and fabrics. Polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites.
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Day 3 | - Microscopic metallographic examinations - light microscope
- Preparation for light microscopy. Gradations and markings of abrasive papers. Principles of grinding. Polishing - principles. Selection of rotational speed, pressure force, amount of wetting agent, gradation of abrasive in polishing pastes. Etching - principles. Types of reagents, which reveals what, which to use for which alloys.
- The structure and principle of operation of a light microscope. Total magnification, Empty magnification, useful magnification. How to match an eyepiece to an objective or vice versa. Types of objectives. Quantities characterizing each objective. What is the resolving power of a microscope and how to increase it. Observation techniques using light microscopy.
- Examples of possible structures of metal alloys, sintered materials. Analysis as delivered by the Manufacturer. Possible errors at the stage of steel production in the Steel Mill completely eliminating the suitability of a given steel for heat treatment.
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